The Failure Of Is Google Making Us Stupid - 981 Words

The Failure of Is Google Making Us Stupid? With the fast-paced development of technology, more and more people get used to reading through computers rather than printed books. While acknowledging the convenience provided by the internet, Nicholas Carr expresses his concerns that â€Å"as we come to rely on computers to mediate our understanding of the world, it is our own intelligence that flattens into artificial intelligence† (328) in his article Is Google Making Us Stupid? Published in the 2008 issue of the Atlantic. However, there existed some weaknesses in the argument due to his overstated pathos, inappropriate examples, and faulty logics, which to some extent hurt his persuasiveness. At the beginning of the passage, the writer tries to deliver his worries about the internet’s harm on human minds, but ultimately fails to resonate with the audience because of the improper use of words. He describes the impact of the computer as â€Å"shaping the process of thought† (315) and â€Å"chipping away a person’s capacity for concentration and contemplation† (315). The words â€Å"shape† and â€Å"chipping away† strongly imply that the computer seems to become a threat, distracting people’s attentions and hindering them from contemplating. He attempts to evoke the same fear from the audience, which in fact works in the opposite way. Based on readers’ previous experience, they could doubt whether computers are actually as powerful as the author presents or the author just overstates the damage of usingShow MoreRelatedThe Gift Of Discernment By Lisa U Maki1238 Words   |  5 PagesArticle Share this article on Facebook 1 Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Lisa U Maki I have always been a trusting person... very trusting for that matter. This brought about a lot of stupid decisions which eventually made me accept that I lacked what the world calls gut-feelRead MoreIs Google Making Us Stupid?948 Words   |  4 PagesMany people may argue that technology has helped us become more efficient in today’s society. Technological advances such as the internet and Google has also opened up many new opportunities for people. However, with such advances some may argue that we begin to lose some of our cognitive thinking ability. In an essay, â€Å"Is Google Making Us Stupid?† by Nicholas Carr, he argues his thesis that people will lose concentration and cognitive thinking as a result to reading online. Carr begins by explainingRead MoreIs Google Making Us Stupid?961 Words   |  4 Pagesthe convenience provided by the Internet, Nicholas Carr concerns that â€Å"as we come to rely on computers to mediate our understanding of the world, it is o ur own intelligence that flattens into artificial intelligence† (328) in his article Is Google Making Us Stupid? Published in the 2008 issue of the Atlantic. However, there exist some weaknesses in the argument due to his overstated pathos, inappropriate examples, and faulty logics, which to some extent hurt his persuasiveness. At the beginning ofRead MoreIs Google Making Us Stupid?2362 Words   |  10 PagesEven from a cursory examination of the article Is Google Making Us Stupid? by Nicholas Carr, one of the chief problems with technology, which this article heavily focuses on, becomes apparent: many contemporary technologies, especially Google, remove much of the necessity for cognition within life in general. Therefore, the chief argument that will be posited here is one that agrees with the underlying point made by the author. That is, technology is certainly having a detrimental effect when itRead MoreIs Google Making Us Stupid?1235 Words   |  5 PagesNicholas Carr’s â€Å"Is Google Making Us Stupid?† explains the impact the Internet is having on his (and others) patience with in depth reading habits, and possibly the way their brain is processing information. The old days of having to spend hours researching a subject are long gone because of the Internet. Having such a powerful too l available at any time can be a good and bad thing wrapped up in the same package. Over the last couple decades, home computer and smartphone ownership has been on a steadyRead MoreNicholas Carr s Is Google Making Us Stupid?1245 Words   |  5 PagesNicholas Carr’s Is Google Making Us Stupid? explains the impact the Internet is having on his (and others) patience with in depth reading habits, and possibly the way their brain is processing information. The old days of having to spend hours researching a subject are long gone because of the Internet. Having such a powerful tool available at any time can be a good and bad thing wrapped up in the same package. Over the last couple decades, home computer and smartphone ownership has been on a steadyRead MoreThe Internet And Its Effect On Our Lives1371 Words   |  6 Pagesthis generation to communicate with each other through text messages, or social media like Facebook, and twitter. The internet provides us with all of the ans wers to our day to day questions; it also provides us with endless amounts of entertainment such as games, music, and movies, etc. The internet also makes living our day to day lives easier by providing us with the ability to run our businesses online and change stocks. However, excessive activity and addictive activity are two very differentRead MoreRealism in 21st Century2776 Words   |  12 Pageshave been increased by 444% since the starting of the 21st century (Internet Usage Statistics). In this era, computers and Internet are an important part of everyday life. Computers are used everywhere. Today Internet and computers can exactly take us to the different worlds and different realms of reality by a thought referred to as virtual reality. Inception is the latest â€Å"virtual reality† movie of this time. In this movie Leonardo DiCaprio plays an unlawful with the technology to plan himselfRead MoreBecoming A Successful Engineer Or Architect1371 Words   |  6 Pagesour own nontraditional paper airplane, we had to incorporate the method to construct a paper airplane without folding it like a simple paper airplane usually is made. Initially I thought it would be a very simple project. Although after a series of failures I had to change my approach. I brainstormed ideas for a while before I thought of a Han glider design. Han gliders already fly or glide by themselves without any engine or power supply, and they are aerodynamic in design to get me the required distanceRead MoreThe Internet: A Social and Cognitive Crutch 1246 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, doesn’t recognize internet abuse as a disorder, it does have traits equivalent to their criteria that can lead to a mild dependency such as: having a strong desire of use, failure to fulfill role obligations, and in some cases hazardous use. In addition, the DSM 5 states that at least two symptoms result in a mild dependency. Therefore, an argument can be made for internet dependency. There are certain personalities that are

My General Observation Of The Kennon Family - 853 Words

My general observation of the Kennon family is that there is a lot of alcohol substance abuse that has weaved its way throughout our family, I am not sure if it is due to poverty and or depression or a little of both but it is very prominent that this is a prevalent problem within my family. Along with substance abuse there is a lot of physical and mental abuse and I believe this factor is due to lack of education and or the lack of self-esteem, although physical abuse is apparent within my family, they abused do not stay with there abuser for longer than 15 years. I know that this is a long time for a person but when you feel you have no way out, sometimes you just stick it out and hope that it gets better. The last main observation I made is that marriage is not really prevalent within my family, mostly single mothers, and I am not sure what to attribute that too. Underlying theme- Alcoholism Alcohol use disorders is one of the most prevalent mental disorders worldwide and rank high as a cause of dis- ability burden in most regions of the world. In 2003, the prevalence of alcohol use disorders was estimated at 1.7% globally, and these disorders accounted for 1.4% of the total world disease burden. (Grant et al., 2004, p. 223) â€Å"Children of alcoholics, or â€Å"COAs† as they are called—are more likely than children from homes without such problems to develop serious problems of their own† such as, children of alcoholics (COAs) are four times more likely than non-COAs to develop

Overpopulation and the Economical Effects Essay - 2298 Words

Overpopulation and the Economical Effects Introduction nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Currently there are more than 6 billion people living in the world and this number is expected to double in a short period of time. Many researchers and theorists feel that the world does not have a carrying capacity for this amount of people. The overpopulation of the world, brings a fear of overcrowding and an apprehension that the resource base will become to low, perhaps even non-existent. In 1900, the world population was 1.6 billion people. Compared to the 6.1 billion that it is today, that population is miniscule. The population is projected to reach 16.4, more than double today’s population by the year 2060. Right now there are only about 30†¦show more content†¦(John L. Seitz. Global Issues, an Introduction. Pg. 31) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Along with disease, there is the problem of sewage, in these overpopulated countries. The sewage could be means of garbage, or even of waste. The waste could cause a great deal of problems, such as disease, rats, contamination of water, and so on. This could also cause a great amount of death in the urban centers. (John L.Seitz. Global Issues, an Introduction. Pg.25) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Another problem in the less developed countries is housing. As the population density is quite high in the third-world, there are many problems with housing. These problems are that the quantity and quality of housing for urban people, vary. The average density of a developed country lies between 3 600 and 7 200 people per km2, while the density in Calcutta is 160 000 people per km2. In general, 30% of the less developed countries population consists of squatters. Squatters are illegal occupiers of land, and they live in areas called squatter settlements. The squatters, hurt the economy as they are not paying for any type of housing at all. There are also occupying land that does not belong to themselves, which in not allowing people to use this land. Most of the time, this land could be used for much better sources, such as agriculture, new housing, factories, and even extending the urban centers limits.Show MoreRelatedProblems Caused By Overpopulation Is Th e Rise Of A Place Populated With Excessively Large Numbers879 Words   |  4 PagesProblems Caused by Overpopulation in Cities Overpopulation is ‘The condition of a place populated with excessively large numbers’. It is considered a problem in many senses, since it causes a number of issues for various different reasons. One major issue caused by overpopulation is the rise of unemployment. This is when people actively seeking employment or just people that are able to work remain unemployed. Overpopulation causes this because the amount of jobs available would be the same as beforeRead MoreThe Effects Of Our Lack Of Sustainability Of Earth On Children1251 Words   |  6 Pagescontributor to the negative effect on the Earth is pollution. Pollution has not only put a physical burden on the environment, but it has altered the way that we think about living here. Thousands of years ago the earth controlled who we were, but now the futuristic human has tried to control the earth. Over the past decade or so, the negative effects on the environment have become unmanageable and have had extreme consequences on the children of this planet. The effects of our lack of sustainabilityRead MoreOvercrowding Of Prisons And Its Effects On Inmates1389 Words   |  6 Pagescorrectional facilities’ and the nega tive effects on inmates. Overcrowding can be defined as a space with a concentrated number of objects or people in a space beyond comfort. According to Verne Cox, PhD, â€Å"as a group of prison researchers summarized, in the 1980s [...] crowding in prisons is a major source of administrative problems and adversely affects inmate health, behavior, and morale.†(Haney. 2006 (4.)) Furthermore, the effects of overpopulation contribute to that of psychological hardshipRead MoreIn 1789 Thomas Malthus, English Cleric And Scholar, Studied1008 Words   |  5 Pagesworld population is 7.5 billion. Overpopulation is an objectionable condition which the number of human population expands faster than the Earth’s capacity. Overpopulation is a result of various factors such as improvements in medical facilities. Moreover, overpopulation also has a critical impact on the environment and is a salient issue in the modern world as it has led to many economical and sociological issues. Even though some may argue that overpopulation does not have negative impacts onRead MoreAnalyzing The Issues Of World Overpopulation1413 Words   |  6 PagesAnalyzing the issues of world overpopulation The current population on Earth is around 7 billion people, statistics show that by 2050 the world will reach to about 8 – 11 billion people. If we look back on the progression of the world and its increase in population you will currently find that the world population is growing rapidly, this leads to the fearful effect of overpopulation. Overpopulation is the number of the existing human population that exceeds the capacity of the Earth. ProgressivelyRead MorePersuasive Essay On Overpopulation1535 Words   |  7 Pageseventually led to a growing population. Now that humans thrive in a sedentary life, the threats that once affected early humans have returned. The environment and inhabitants of this planet are affected by consequences brought upon by humans. Overpopulation is an issue that affects everyone on earth, and even though it may not affect everyone s daily life, it has affected the poor and developing countries. There is a gap between countries of modern ways and s ocietal development that affects theRead MoreWhat We Have Learned From Our Readings Provided By The Population Reference Bureau719 Words   |  3 Pagespresent days when it comes to population growth. Due to its possible negative effects such as overcrowded schools and clinics or potential economical adversities large families are not in the forecast of new generations instead, economic status and wellbeing are the main driven facts when it comes to plan for a new family. (Ideas - WORLD POPULATION GROWING AT RECORD SPEED) c. Poverty issues Unfortunately one of the negative effects of population growth is poverty. Some of the fastest-growing countriesRead MoreFood Crisis And Population Growth1366 Words   |  6 PagesThese are comments one often hears in a society where families are deeply valued and considered as the most important aspect in life. It might be true, children are precious, but creating a family should always be a very thought through process. Overpopulation is not a thing of the past, and everybody should be properly informed. This does by no means intend to discourage everyone from having children, but being mindful about that is of utter importance. The world currently has about 7 billion peopleRead MoreEnvironmental Issues in North America and the World1827 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction North America has been struggling immensely since the last century with air and water pollution, deforestation, and overpopulation. These struggles are due to poor prevention planning and industrial manifestation. Pollution is changing the atmosphere much sooner than expected and global warming is predicted to overwhelm the atmosphere within the next half of a century. In order to sustain the environment and atmosphere humans must take immediate action right now. The longer weRead MoreAnalyzing the Pressing Issues Described in Ehrlichs Article Essay900 Words   |  4 Pages(Schellnhuber, 2008), Ehrlich (2013) suggests global efforts must be undertaken in order to curb the effects, including a large reduction in fossil fuel emissions, undertaking much more research into sustainable agriculture and adopting the already known environmentally friendly methods, in spite of political and economic concerns. Another major matter presented in this article is that of overpopulation, an issue directly linked to the food production and supply industry. Ehlrich (2013, pg. 2) states

Potential Problems When Using Multicultural Diverse Team...

What are some potential problems that must be overcome when using the multicultural diverse team in global organization? As for 2006 and above, there are many problems regarding multicultural diverse team in global organization. Ironically, Presidents and CEO of the organization are willing to talk about diversity when their managers do not have much confidence in implementing diversity workforce in an organization. Managers are afraid that they may fail in terms of productivity when multicultural diverse team is applied. The problems are: 1. Problem: A mere decrease in productivity The positive impact of multicultural diverse team is that the creativity can be increase compare to non-diversity team. Furthermore, diverse team have†¦show more content†¦When dealing with multicultural teams, discrimination towards foreign culture is normal for managers who do not understand what multicultural would contribute to the organization. Solution – To dissolve this particular problem, top management need to play their role to educate middle managers on how to handle multicultural teams without discrimination. They can also create awareness on what multicultural teams would bring compare to monoculture teams can contribute. Besides, top management can provide all the necessary information to cater the needs to manage multicultural team in global organization. 8. Problem: Racism Of course when it comes to different culture, different race is involved. So, racism is more likely to happen. In the case of race diversity, constructive group processes get inhibited. Solution – In order to solve this problem, do not prejudice your action with the personal beliefs. Many other contentious issues other than racist may prejudice the decisions. Such clouding of the views may ultimately ruin the organization. REFERENCE 1. Cross Cultural Management, Text and Cases, Dipak Kumar Bhattacharyya 2. http://diversity.sdce.edu/ 3.Show MoreRelatedPotential Problems When Using Multicultural Diverse Team in Global Organization994 Words   |  4 Pagessome potential problems that must be overcome when using the multicultural diverse team in global organization? As for 2006 and above, there are many problems regarding multicultural diverse team in global organization. Ironically, Presidents and CEO of the organization are willing to talk about diversity when their managers do not have much confidence in implementing diversity workforce in an organization. Managers are afraid that they may fail in terms of productivity when multicultural diverseRead MoreCase Study Of Ibm s Wise Investment Essay1525 Words   |  7 Pages Multicultural Teams Margaret Walsh South University Online IBM’s Wise Investment Considering that IBM has expanded to having clients in 170 countries and now does two-thirds of its business outside the United States it is vitally important to keep a management team devoted to IBM’s team projects. ThisRead Moremulticultural team Essay4989 Words   |  20 Pagesï » ¿ INTRODUCTION Multicultural teams have become very common in recent years. With cross border mobility becoming much easier the number of people moving from one country to another has grown significantly. This has also led to more people from different cultural and ethnic backgrounds intermarrying. Their children could be born and grow up in different countries and have hybrid cultural identities. Globalization and the advances in communication and transportation technology have reducedRead MoreWhat Diversity Can Make Your Company?1435 Words   |  6 Pagesit a daily challenge for companies who provide us with our daily needs and wants, it is evident that not all companies hire one person per every language spoken in the United States. However it is important that companies make an effort to hire a diverse workforce. There are many pros to hiring diversity, for example an increase in sales due to a larger market, better customer service, and a more expansive knowledge of customers’ needs. Wherever there are pros, there are always cons, diversity canRead MoreExamples Of Executive Leadership835 Words   |  4 Pagesexecutive recruiting firm in the high tech market place. My organization will partner and consult with both businesses and not for profit organizations in acquiring senior level executive leadership. Organizations have specific needs when searching for leadership and we will advise and consult with our clients to assist in locating and recruiting top national and international organizational talent. Our mission is to partner with organizations in their search to increase diversity within their executiveRead MoreStrategic Analysis : Strategic Human Resource Management Essay1426 Words   |  6 Pages Another example that requires implementation of SHRM is of the aging workforce. Analysis and data must be conducted to determine how this new shift could affect the organization and what changes, if any, need to happen to provide the transition amongst its e mployees as well as hiring new employees of a golden age. The HRM team must plan for future replacement of these workers; however, due to their vast experience, it won’t be an easy task with simply obtaining new qualified workers. One propositionRead MoreCultural Changes Inside Worldwide Telecommunications, Inc Essay2220 Words   |  9 Pagesthese elements of communication have also opened the door to a variety of potential problems. In a society characterized by pluralism (where the meanings of various behaviors and practices are as diverse as the people demonstrating them), incorrect assumptions could easily lead to miscommunication (Lankard, 1994). Global communication has been achieved, but understanding various cultures is paramount for success in any organization. Failure to learn how deal with cultural differences can cost a companyRead MoreWorkplace Diversity : The Visible Or Invisible Differences Among Employees Of An Organization1653 Words   |  7 Pagesof an organization and could be divided in to three major components such as Primary, Secondary and Organizational and Community. Factors such as Age, Gender, Sexual Orientation, Ethnicity represents Primary while Appearance, Educational Background, Marital Status, Work experience represents Secondary and Job position, Specialization, Nationality, Life stage represents Organizational and Community. In recent years, organizations spend more in diversity management as most of the organizations consistRead MoreDiversity in the Workplace1465 Words   |  6 Pagescreativity and problem solving, helps to attract and retain talent, improves team building and enhances communication skills, helps to diversify customer base, according to a blog on Saharconsulting.com. I would like to take a look at three separate companies and their respective position on diversity. The three companies that I am going to research are all in the top 20 of the DiversityInc.com Top 50 List and include Sodexo, Johnson Johnson, and Target. The first and obviously most diverse companyRead MoreThe Impact Of Contemporary Uk On New Zealand Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe increase in globalization has enabled a plethora of means in which organizations can access more talent and new technology that have become available. Due to this phenomenon, businesses have required to become more creative and embrace change as an essential method of staying competitive in their marketplace. The increase in ethnic group migration to New Zealand and the concept of managing this diverse range of culture and interacting with individuals with different cultures, belief systems is

Korematsu v. United States Free Essays

Introduction Toyosaburo Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. We will write a custom essay sample on Korematsu v. United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now 214 (1944), is considered to be the most important of the Japanese-American cases because it upheld the forced exclusion of loyal citizens. The case was decided by a 6 to 3 majority vote by the Justices to sustain Korematsu’s conviction for exclusion order violation. Justice Hugo Black authored the majority opinion. The dissenter in the decision among others was Justice Frank Murphy. If situations arise in which legal reasoning overrides the value of a narrative, it may be time for the decision makers to reformulate the law. The Justices in Korematsu, in making their decision had the authority to use the law as they did, but they also had the authority to go the other direction and strike down the wrongful actions of the government. The following opinions of the Court fully explain the facts of the case. Majority Opinion: Justice Black Justice Black, considered at the time to be the civil libertarian of the Court, delivered the majority opinion in Korematsu v. United States, upholding the conviction of Fred Korematsu. He began by stating that â€Å"all legal restrictions which curtail the civil rights of a single racial group are immediately suspect† (Korematsu 216). He then qualified this statement by asserting that not all such restrictions are unconstitutional, but that they should be subject to the most rigid scrutiny (216). Black then laid the legal groundwork for the case by reciting the Congressional Act, which Korematsu is accused of â€Å"knowingly and admittedly† violating. Korematsu is convicted of violating the Congressional Act sanctioned via Executive Order No. 9066, requiring ‘every possible protection against espionage and sabotage’ through national defense, and then applied via military Exclusion Order 34, requiring the exclusion of all those of Japanese ancestry from designated military zones (216). Justice Black then revealed the case context by explaining the precedent on which Korematsu would rely. In the series of military orders, the first violation was the curfew order. The Supreme Court upheld this conviction in the preceding case of Kiyoshi Hirabayashi v. United States, 320 U.S. 81 (1944). Black explained that the both the Hirabayashi conviction and the Korematsu conviction are upheld by the same Act of Congress, aimed at protection against sabotage and espionage. The Act was disputed as unconstitutional by the petitioner in Hirabayashi because it was beyond the war powers of the government, and that the curfew order was aimed at only citizens of Japanese ancestry, and therefore discriminatory (217). Justice Black contended that these arguments were seriously considered, but that the curfew order was upheld as necessary government prevention of sabotage and espionage threatened by Japanese attack (217). Acknowledging that exclusion is a â€Å"far greater deprivation† than the curfew, Black remained supportive of the military authorities because the Court was unable to prove that exclusion of those of Japanese ancestry was beyond the war power â€Å"at the time† that it occurred (218). He claimed the exclusion â€Å"has a definite and close relationship† with the prevention of sabotage and espionage (218). The petitioner disputed the assumptions on which the Hirabayashi opinion rested and contended that by May, when the exclusion was ordered, there was no longer danger of invasion (218). Black flatly rejected these contentions, reciting Hirabayashi, â€Å" ‘†¦we cannot reject as unfounded the judgment of the military authorities and of Congress that there were disloyal members of that population, whose number and strength could not be precisely and quickly ascertained’†¦most of whom we have no doubt were loyal to this country† (218-219). To the petitioner’s charge of group discrimination, Black answered that the Court sustained exclusion of the whole group because it could not reject the military’s contention that immediate separation of the loyal from disloyal was impossible (219). The next portion of the majority opinion speaks to the petitioner’s and dissenters’ arguments against the government by giving an account and explanation of the pertinent dates that were in question as ill-fitting of the military’s assertions and the decision of the court. One of the counter arguments to the Majority opinion was that on May 30, 1942, when Korematsu was charged with remaining in the prohibited area, there were conflicting orders forbidding him both not to leave and to remain in the area (220). Justice Black refuted this argument by stating that the March 27, 1942 order stated that it was in effect until further direction from a subsequent order. The exclusion order was that subsequent order, which was given on May 3, 1942 and was to be enacted by May 9. Citing more important information concerning the dates, Justice Black explicitly conceded that before the exclusion was to take place on May 9, an instruction to report to an assembly center upon evacuation was issued, â€Å" ‘to insure the orderly evacuation and resettlement of Japanese voluntarily migrating from military area No. 1 to restrict and regulate such migration’ † (221). On May 19, 1942, before Korematsu was arrested, the military issued an order that â€Å"provided for detention of those of Japanese ancestry in assembly or relocation centers,† and so it was argued that the exclusion order could not be considered separately from the detention order (221). Justice Black refuted the notion that the Court must pass on the â€Å"whole detention program† when only the exclusion charge is before them (221). The majority asserted that since Korematsu was not convicted of failing to report to or remain in an assembly center, that they could not determine the validity of the separate order (222). Speaking on the issue, Black stated that, â€Å" It will be time enough to decide the serious constitutional issues which [the] petitioner seeks to raise when an assembly or relocation order is applied or is certain to be applied to him and we have its terms before us† (222). Justice Black’s opinion spoke to the argument of racism in consideration of the fact that there had been no evidence of Korematsu’s disloyalty. Black denied that the order was based on racial prejudice. He implied a more complex situation, due to wartime, by stating that the Court’s task would be â€Å"simple† and its â€Å"duty clear were this a case involving the imprisonment of a loyal citizen in a concentration camp because of racial prejudice.† Black added that, â€Å"regardless of the true nature of the assembly and relocation centers†¦we are dealing specifically with nothing but an exclusion order.† (223). Finally, the majority opinion ended with the issue of military deference. Due to the military’s fear of invasion, â€Å"they [the military] decided† that the situation demanded segregation of the citizens of Japanese ancestry, and Congress determined that â€Å"they should have the power to do this† (223). Ironically Black stated that, â€Å"Korematsu was not excluded from the Military Area because of hostility to him or his race. He was excluded because we are at war with the Japanese Empire†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (223). Black ended by asserting that from the â€Å"calm perspective of hindsight,† the Court cannot â€Å"say that at that time these actions were unjustified† (223). Dissenting Opinion: Justice Murphy Justice Murphy’s opinion can be referred to as the most scathing criticism of the three dissents, with his argument based on the charge of racism. First, Justice Murphy mentioned that the plea of military necessity for the exclusion came â€Å"in the absence of martial law,† and so should have been approved (233). He asserted that such exclusion goes beyond constitutional power into â€Å"the ugly abyss of racism† (233). Justice Murphy acknowledged the need to consider the reasoning of Military authority during war, and stated that their judgments should â€Å"not be overruled lightly† by those who may not have access to all of the military intelligence (233). He believed, however that there should be limits where martial law has not been declared (233). He claimed that individuals could not be stripped of their rights by â€Å"military necessity that has neither substance nor support† (233). Murphy explicitly reserved the right of the judicial branch to judge the validity of military discretion. Murphy cited the traditional judicial test of military discretion in depriving rights in various Court precedents: â€Å"Whether the deprivation is reasonably related to a public danger that is ‘so immediate, imminent, and impending’ as not to admit of delay and not to permit the intervention of ordinary constitutional processes to alleviate the danger† (234). He then pointed to the verbiage of the exclusion order having used the phrase ‘all person of Japanese ancestry, both alien and non-alien,’ and declared it insufficient to meet the immediate danger criteria, calling it â€Å"obvious racial discrimination† (234). The order deprived those within its scope of their Fifth Amendment rights of equal protection (235). The order also deprived them of due process, because it excluded them without hearings and deprived them of being able to live and work where they choose and move about freely (235). Justice Murphy found no correlation between the exclusion and immediate danger, citing it as a â€Å"racial restriction† that brought about more â€Å"sweeping and complete deprivations of constitutional rights in the history of this nation in the absence of martial law† (235). Justice Murphy conceded that there was a fear of invasion, sabotage and espionage at the time on the Pacific Coast, and that reasonable military action would have been appropriate; however, the â€Å"exclusion, either temporarily or permanently, of all persons with Japanese blood in their veins has no such reasonable relation† (235). The military reasons, he states, relied on the assumptions that all those of Japanese ancestry have â€Å"a dangerous tendency to commit sabotage and espionage and to aid our Japanese enemy in other ways† (235). Justice Murphy’s opinion specifies the incongruent relationship of military necessity and immediate danger by reviewing the text of General DeWitt’s final report. He found that the report erroneously assumes â€Å"racial guilt† rather than military necessity. Murphy used as an example the words of DeWitt, who â€Å"refers to all individuals of Japanese descent as ‘subversive,’ as belonging to an ‘enemy race’ whose ‘racial strains are undiluted,’ and as constituting ‘over 112,000 potential enemies†¦at large today’ along the Pacific Coast† (236). In the report, Murphy found no reliable evidence of disloyalty, using either general or menacing conduct of the Japanese aliens and citizens (236). Murphy claimed that â€Å"justification is sought, instead, mainly upon questionable racial and sociological grounds not ordinarily within the realm of expert military judgment† (236-237). He proceeded to cover and dispute the evidence provided by General DeWitt. Justice Murphy’s opinion continued with more â€Å"unverified† information used in the General’s report to the Government. He methodically included footnotes behind each of DeWitt’s assertions, which cited studies that refuted assimilation claims, clarified reasons for dual citizenship and other claims, and also pointed out statements made that were based on pure speculation. Justice Murphy thereby disproved a â€Å"reasonable relation between the group characteristics of Japanese-Americans and the dangers of invasion, sabotage and espionage† (239). Acknowledging the long-standing racial discrimination of the group, Justice Murphy chastised the military for having based its decision on racial and sociological judgments when â€Å"every charge relative to race, religion, culture, geographical location, and legal and economic status has been substantially discredited by independent studies made by experts in these matters† (240). Justice Murphy then directed his opinion to a discussion of individual guilt, which is recognized by the United States, as opposed to group guilt. He stated that there are some disloyal individuals who are among those of Japanese ancestry, just as there are among those of German and Italian ancestry, but to cite examples of individual disloyalty as indicative of group disloyalty is discriminatory (240). This process, he continued, denies our legal system that is based on deprivation of rights for individual guilt (240). There were no â€Å"adequate reasons† given by the military not to treat Japanese-Americans like German-Americans and Italian-Americans, and hold investigations and hearings on an individual basis in order to separate the loyal from the disloyal (241). Murphy cited the inconsistency between the claim that â€Å" ‘time was of the essence,’ † and the time period it took for the enactment of orders. The exclusion order was issued four months after Pearl Harbor, the last order was issued eight months later, and the â€Å"last of these ‘subversive’ persons was not actually removed until almost eleven months had elapsed† (241). â€Å"Deliberation† was more â€Å"of the essence than speed† (241). Murphy emphasized the suspect representation of urgency when â€Å"conditions were not such as to warrant a declaration of martial law† (241). Murphy held that within this time period and in these circumstances it would have been possible to hold loyalty hearings for at least the 70,000 American citizens â€Å"especially when a large part of this number represented children and elderly men and women† (242). As evidence to this, Murphy cited the fact that during a six-month period the British set up hearing boards and summoned and examined 74,000 Germans and Austrians (Korematsu Footnote 16). Finally, Justice Murphy ends his opinion in a declaration of dissent: I dissent, therefore, from this legalization of racism. Racial discrimination in any form and in any degree has no justifiable part whatever in our democratic way of life. It is unattractive in any setting but it is utterly revolting among a free people who have embraced the principles set forth in the Constitution of the United States. (242) Discussion and Summary The decision set one of the gravest precedents in history for the United States. Since then, efforts at redress have been made in the form of minimal monetary compensation, congressional acts allowing Asian immigrants to become naturalized citizens, and Presidential apologies. Fred Korematsu received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in January of 1998 for his courage in standing up to an unjust deprivation of liberty. The Korematsu case is a constant reminder to Americans that civil liberties for all citizens must be especially protected under adverse conditions, even in the face of public opposition and wrongful government action. Korematsu vs. United States is one of the best examples of the Supreme Court deferring to military and government authority, even under conditions that the Court itself realizes are suspicious. The Majority Court purposely avoided ruling on the whole process of exclusion, evacuation, and internment set by the military and sanctioned by the government before Fred Korematsu’s arrest. The narrow parameters in which they ruled were highly questionable because Fred Korematsu along with the rest of the ethnic Japanese were mandated to abide by the whole process intended by the military and the government to be a program. The Justice Black’s opinion make it clear that Majority do not intend to question the reasoning of the government and military, but only to suppose that they have one and therefore that the order is valid. The Majority leans on the context of war to legitimize their decision. The Justice Murphy’s opinion targets distinct and relative issues. He comments on the racial nature of the decision while focusing separately on the indivisibility of the exclusion order from the program, the lack of evidence to back the military’s report, and the danger of constitutionally endorsing the Majority decision. The Korematsu Court, acting as final judge of the entire episode, allowed those with power to decide the prevailing value in its ruling. Their decision was not consistent with their duty. Justice Black, in the majority opinion, makes two strong references that reveal the Court’s intent not to question the values of those in power. In the first reference, they reject Korematsu’s arguments and rest on precedent by quoting Hirabayashi: â€Å" ‘†¦we cannot reject as unfounded the judgement of the military authorities and of Congress that their were disloyal members of the population†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  (Korematsu 218). The Court never answers why they cannot reject the military’s assertions, which were weak and lacking in any concrete evidence. In the second statement, Justice Black says on the Court’s behalf that, â€Å"we cannot-by availing ourselves of the calm perspective of hindsight-now say that at that time these actions were unjustified† (Korematsu 224). Again, no plausible explanation was provided. The nature of trials is such that many times they are conducted in the calm perspective of hindsight and their duty and purpose is to determine whether or not there is justification for the actions of those involved. Justice Murphy dutifully reviewed the military findings, and in doing so found: No reliable evidence is cited to show that such individuals were generally disloyal, or had generally so conducted themselves in this area as to constitute a special menace to defense installations or war industries, or had otherwise by their behavior furnished reasonable ground for their exclusion as a group. (Korematsu 236) Public opinion and political pressure were the initiators of the government actions, however, government and military officials were the ones who made the decisions to act on those pressures. Worse yet, in the face of this influence and power, the 1944 Supreme Court displayed the same negative value of racism as the populace by shamefully failing in their duty to remain impartial and pass judgment based on the constitutionality of the individual’s conviction. From the perspective of the Majority of the 1944 Supreme Court, the issues involved in the Korematsu case were based purely on their own and the government’s motives. The Supreme Court Majority completely lacked consideration for the value of the Japanese person perspective in the United States. References Toyosaburo Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944). Available at: laws.findlaw.com/us/323/214.html How to cite Korematsu v. United States, Essay examples

Quality Control of Ground Improvement Using Jet Grouting Technique

Question: Case stydyabout the Quality control for the process of ground improvement using the jet grouting technique. Answer: Jet grouting: Jet grouting can be defined as a process that is being used in the construction industry and this process is used with the help of a high kinetic energy jet of fluid in order to break and loosen the soil so that it can be mixed with thin slurry that is produced (Alp and Rasin, 2004). Jet grouting is known as a grouting method by which soils are grouted and it is performed with the help of a grouting monitor that are attached at the end of the stem which is being used for drilling. With the help of this monitor, the maximum possible depth can also be seen. The jet grouting method can be classified into three different classes and these different types of jet grouting methods are used in different cases and it depends on the types of the soil at which the work is to be performed. The three classes of jet grouting are known as the single fluid system, the double fluid system and the triple fluid system. The single fluid system is also known as slurry grout jet whereas the double fluid s ystem is known as the slurry grout jet that is surrounded by an air jet (Greenwood, 2008). On the other hand, the triple fluid system is known as the system in which water jet is surrounded by an air jet along with a lower amount of grout jet. All the three classes of jet grouting system contain three phases and these are to be performed in proper sequence. Quality control procedure: The quality control procedure is known as a set of or a group of procedures that are used in order to ensure the quality of a particular process, service or product is under control or not. In order to maintain the quality or control the quality of a process or product or in other words, in order to implement the quality control system in the industry some standards are to be made. Quality control of jet grouting: The construction and installation of the foundation plate base of a new stadium in the Prikubansky interurban district of the city of Krasnodar in Russia is taken into consideration doe the analysis of quality control in jet grouting ground improvement processes. The terrain of the construction site was quite flat and the ground comprised of hard and stiff loam, silty sand, semisolid clay and medium gravel sand. Analysis of various geotechnical and seismological conditions of the ground showed two primary problems that might arise due to any seismic or excessive weighting loads. These are vibroliquefaction and vibrocreep of the lower tight layers of silty sand and excessive porous nature of layer of brown clay, in case of any kind of seismic activity. Thus, in order to improve the quality of the ground and its underlying layers, double jet grouting technique was used to achieve stiff characteristics of the foundation of the stadium. Several quality control mechanisms were implemented to ascertain the initial, changing and final quality of the ground. During the process of foundation stabilization using jumbo or double jet grouting, the best process variables that can result in the formation of the required diameter of bored hole by the jet elements were the main factors that were kept in consideration. Also other important factors like the physical and mechanical properties and characteristics of the resulting soil-cement mixture in the foundation were determined to ascertain of the sturdiness and load bearing capabilities of the foundation. The construction team ensured that the diameter of the foundation elements must not be lower than 1200 millimetre and the compressive strength of the elements after a settling period of 28 days must not be less than 4 megapascals. Four soil-cement elements were constructed with the double jet grouting process at a depth of 13 metres from the ground surface. The drilling depth was determined by the already obtained engineering and geological data of the construction site ground. Vital quality control and assessment measures were undertaken during the construction of the foundation elements with about 900 kg of Portland cement for every one running metre of the stable soil. After aging for about seven days, the established foundation elements were drilled to determine their actual diameters and it was found that the actual diameter of all the elements was higher than 1200 millimetre, thereby satisfying the quality requirements. Some test drilling and foundation laying were also done using lower amounts of cement quantity, typically 600 and 650 kg near the actual construction site, in order to find out whether the set objective can be achieved while cutting down on costs. But the observed diameter was found to be lower than the set target of 1200 millimetre and thus the amount of cement to be used in the foundation laying process was determined as 900 kg. The samples of soil-cement mix obtained by boring and grouting were also analysed and test samples were taken from various depths from the soil surface after a hardening and settling period of 7 to 14 days. These samples were tested for compressive strength and the stress-strain modulus using the universal testing machine Zwick2-250. After obtaining the test results, statistical analysis of the obtained data were used to define the average values of the compressive strength and the stress strain values of the core samples. The soil-cement compressive strength of all the underlying layers of the ground was found to be within the required parameters and values. (Galina G., Oleg and Ilgiz, 2013) The need of quality control team is needed in the jet grouting works in order to measure the proper ground settlements and it also can be understood that the settlements are excessive or not. There are different types of jet grouting methods that can be applied in a particular type of soil but the most suitable technique that has been chosen in the stadium construction process so as to maintain the quality of the process and also to meet the requirements properly, is the double jet grouting technique. In the quality control process of the double jet grouting process, after testing all the materials, tools, equipments and machineries, some tests are made and these are made a number of times in order to make sure that the results that are found are correct. All the chemicals and other elements that are used in the jet grouting system also must be checked properly in order to ensure that they are meeting the required quality or not. Then a period comes and this period is known as the ad justment period and in this period all the outcomes of the quality control process that are not meeting the requirements are adjusted in order to meet the objectives and maintain the quality of process. In this phase the control chart is used. A control chart can be defined as a chart in which all the data are graphically represented and by observing which one can easily understand that the process or the activity is under control or out of control. The control limits are to be standardised before observing the activities in the control chart or else it cannot be understood that a process is under control or not. After plotting data into the control chart and understanding it, proper interpretation of the data and analysis were performed in order to improve the overall quality of the foundation laying process. In order to analyse the data that are found from observing the activities related to the jet grouting process, statistical analysis measures were used and through this method the error and % error in all the vital processes were found. This helped to improve the quality of the processes that are not meeting proper qualities. While executing the jet grouting the diameter of the bored hole was properly controlled. Maintenance of the quality and amount of the diameter of columns made by jet grouting methods were done by monitoring certain factors that can have an impact on the diameter of the columns. (Thomas, 2013). The type and strength of soil were taken into consideration and the soil erosion property of the site was checked. The diameter though mainly depended on the method of jet grouting that is being used in the work process, that is, double jet grouting .(Thomas, 2013). The Jumbo Jet Special Grout method is one type of double jet grouting method where two fluid jets are used along with proper cement grout and air. In this technique, cement grout mixtures are injected under high pressure using a cone of compressed air that covers the grout injection. This air helps to reduce frictional loss and helps the cement to penetrate further, leading to the creation of large diameter columns. The diameter of the ground hole created by the jet grouting process is usually affected by soil properties and other variables like lifting speed, grout pressure, nozzle diameter etc. Hence, these factors and parameters were critically monitored for quality assessment and control. The procedures used to evaluate control quality of operations were applied to the samples of grout cubes spoil cubes; spoil density reading to check for strength compatibility with respect to the sections extracted for trial purposes. Double fluid jet grouting process has been used in this context to improve soil strength lower the permeability of the soils silty layer of sand. Real time monitoring and quality control were performed during the whole process to prevent any heaves from occurring. Dewatering systems were also installed, before the ground was drilled in order to prevent any excess water seepage into the bored hole, which might lead to weakening of the soil layers. Then, certain tests were performed to assess the quality of the double jet grouting process. Coring and strength testing were done in production jet grout columns and some samples were selected from each cored column for strength tests. Usually, this test is done 21 days after cement grouting and installation of columns. Unconfined compression tests are then performed on the extracted samples in accordance to the guidelines laid down in ASTM C42. (Brajesh, 2016) Visual inspections were routinely done and the diameters of the soil bores were measured at every 500 mm, where it was observed that diameter of columns laid down in the soil using double jet grouting tends to get narrower near about the ground water table level. Visual quality control tests were followed by integrity testing. Integrity of the columns constructed was tested thoroughly to assess the quality and condition of the soil after grouting. (Giuseppe and Joanna, 2012)The PDI pile integrity tester was used as a technical tool or instrument for this purpose. Quality control is extremely essential to carefully monitor the materials used in the soil pumping mixing process. The grout mix used to improve the ground was tested for density measurement suing hydrometers and for viscosity using Marsh Cone. The whole installation process was carefully controlled and observed to maintain quality at every step. Vital parameters such as flow-rate, pressure and total volume of concrete inje cted into the soil were monitored suing automatic instruments. Certain other parameters such as grout rotation speed and withdrawal were also kept under observation during the foundation settling process. One vital point is that for the case of deep soil mixing like the one done in the stadium construction process, coring and unconfined compressive strength testing are mandatory. (James C. and Wen-Chieh, 2014) These types of comprehensive and all encompassing quality control testing and verification techniques are incorporated in order to proactively identify and resolve any type of potential problems in the ground improvement process. References Alp, G. and Rasin, D. (2004). Ground Improvement By Jet Grouting Technique For Foundations Of A Natural Gas Combined Cycle Power Plant In Turkey. Brajesh, M. (2016). A Study on Ground Improvement Techniques and Its Applications.International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. Giuseppe, M. and Joanna, B. (2012). Analysis of Foundations Reinforced with Jet Grouting.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. Greenwood, D. (2008). Discussion: Theoretical modelling of jet grouting.Gotechnique, 58(6), pp.533-535. James C., N. and Wen-Chieh, C. (2014). Quality control of double fluid jet grouting below groundwater table: Case history.Soils and Foundations. Richard, F. (2005). Review of the Jet Grouting Method. Thomas, K. (2013). The control of column diameter and strength in Jet Grouting processes and the influence of ground conditions. Galina G., K., Oleg, M. and Ilgiz, K. (2013). Experience in Application of JET Grouting for Installation of Substructures of Estates.Frontier in Geotechnical Engineering (FGE) Volume 2 Issue 2, June 2013.