Hellanodikai: The Chief Judges of the Olympics :: ancient modern sport athletic competition

"There, the method of premliminary training and the kind of exercises are decided by others, and it is not the trainer, but the Hellanodikes who, entirely on his own initiative and without being bound in any way, organizes everything, in accord with the particular circumstances pertaining from time to time. And the Hellanodikes has the whip at his disposal, not only for the athlete, but also for the trainer, and he uses it in case of any contravention of his orders; and all have to conform with the orders of the Hellanodikai, since those who violate them may be immediately excluded from the games."1 Philostratos, ca. 3rd century AD HOW ARE THE JUDGES SELECTED? "A Jury of Appeal and a Ground Jury (Judges) shall be appointed for each sport. The choice of them is left to the international federations. One delegate of each international federation must be present in order to check the entries. The members of these juries and the officials must all be amateurs. Where a jury has not been formed by th etime it should have started to function, the Organizing Committee will advise and decide how to form one. The Juries of Appeal for the sports not governed by an international federation shall be formed by the Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games and must be composed of five members of different nationalities, who shall elect their own president."2 Region Judges did not come from all over the Greek world, but were drawn from Elis, the local region which included Olympia. Even though the judges were all Eleans, local Elean Greeks were still allowed to compete in the Olympics. The Elean people had such a reputation for fairness that an Elean cheating at the games was a shock to other Greeks. Number Like the athletes, the hellanodikes also underwent a long period of preparation for the ancient games. The judges were instructed for a period of ten months by Elean magistrates. Historians disagree about the number of the judges, but apparently not more than one or two judges officiated at the early Olympic games, where but one event was contested. When the athletic program was expanded to take in many events and last for five or more days, the number was increased, although there seems to be no record of more than ten judges at a single celebration. One source states "At the ninety-fifth festival nine umpires were appointed. To three of them were entrusted the chariot-races, another three were to supervise the pentathlum, the rest superintended the remaining contests.

Effective Communication Case Study

There are many factors that affect Ahmed’s ability to communicate with others, the factors are that he is partially sighted, he has a learning disability, Ahmed also struggles with English and lastly he is very withdrawn from others. To overcome these barriers many strategies will need to be put in place to enable him to communicate effectively. One factor is that he is partially sighted which means it will be difficult for him to see when talking to his teacher or other students in his class.Sentence and Verbal Communication This is a barrier to his communication because it stops him from communicating as he is limited to what he can see for example, if a child is trying to call Ahmed from a far distance using hand gestures, Ahmed may find it difficult to see that child, which can prevent him from making friends. This means his communication skills will not be effective. If someone is using non-verbal communication, he will not be able to see which means he could interpret things in a different way because non-verbal communication can be used to express your feelings. This will affect the way Ahmed will communicate because if he is limited to what he can see it will stop him from getting involved and also if he is not able to see non verbal communication clearly he may misinterpret the conversation. When getting involved in group practical work it may be difficult to participate as will not be able to see. A strategy that could be put in place is having a magnified board to put over his worksheets which will help him with seeing the words. This can be put in place so Ahmed is able to get involved with the schoolwork and could potentially help his language development as he is able to read certain words but may need a teacher with him to guide him. This magnified board can encourage him to participate in more activities and he may feel comfortable knowing he can see what the other students are seeing. Another strategy that could be put in place to overcome this barrier is having bigger font sizes on work sheets, books or computers. This will make it easier for Ahmed to see and it could make him feel normal like everyone else. It may encourage him to sit in a group with other children and get involved. Another factor that affects his ability to communicate is that he has a learning disability. This is a potential barrier that comes in the way of Ahmed’s communication as he may feel different than the other children in his class. Because Ahmed has a learning disability it changes the way he thinks and interprets things. â€Å"Children with learning disabilities see, hear and understand things differently. This can lead to difficulty with learning new information and skills and putting them to use. (http://www. sabp. nhs. uk/iamme/understanding-learning-disability Accessed 14/10/15) This can make Ahmed feel left out from the other children and discourage him to communicate. This can potentially mean his language is not as developed as some of the other children so he may be a bit behind, this affects the way he communicates because it will be difficult to have conversations with others if he is does not have the same abilities as them because they may not understand what Ahmed is trying to say and their language may be to developed for Ahmed as he is still learning slowly. A strategy that could be put in place is having a teaching assistant with him because this may make him feel comfortable and potentially more confident. The assistant can help him with words and could make picture cards for words that he may struggle with, for example having a picture of a book so he recognises that it’s a book and he can point to it so the assistant understands what he is trying to say or what he wants. The assistant could have one-to-one sessions with him to help him with communication and his schoolwork. Having a one-to-one session with an assistant can make a lot of difference in Ahmed’s ability to communicate because if he builds a relationship with this assistant he could possibly open up and express his feelings in a way that he can even if it is not through verbal communication. Ahmed struggles with English, which is also a factor that affects the way he communicates. It can isolate him from other children in the school because English is not his first language so it will make it difficult for him to fit in with children who speak fluent English. It will block the quality of communication and affect the needs of Ahmed being met adequately. For example, if a supply teacher was covering and didn’t know his needs, they will not be met because he may not be able to explain what his needs are because his English is limited. As he struggles with English, it will also be difficult for him to interact with other students because he will not know how to speak to them and if the children to try communicating in English, Ahmed may not understand so there will be miscommunication and a language barrier between them. You can read also Costco Case Study A strategy that could potentially be put in place for Ahmed to improve his English is having a translator come in to help him develop his English language. The translator could come in maybe twice a week. This would help Ahmed quite a fair bit because he can speak to the translator in the language he knows fluently and the translator can then communicate with him and help him with his English by saying words in English and then telling him what they mean in his first language. This is a good way for Ahmed to learn English because he will gradually recognise more words and could possibly start speaking sentences, which will help with his confidence, and he may start communicating with other people. Because Ahmed struggles with communication he has now become very withdrawn from people and sometimes is antisocial which is another factor that affects the way he communicates. This is because he keeps himself away from others as he may think he cannot get involved and interact because of his needs. Ahmed may think he is different to the rest of the children so may feel like he is not included with them. This affects his communication because he will have no one to talk to and it stops him from making friends and having a social life. A strategy that could be put in place for this is doing more group work in class because this will mean he has to talk to different people. Doing group activities may encourage him to have a conversation and get involved. This will be good for Ahmed’s confidence because he will be working with other people who could help him and it means that he wouldn’t be talking one-to-one because that may be intimidating for Ahmed as he probably wouldn’t know how to start the conversation. Group activities include everyone so they don’t feel left out; this will help Ahmed to socialize more and he may stop being withdrawn from others as he might make friends who will make him feel normal and included. Whilst on work experience I had to have conversations with patients and some of the patients were difficult to communicate with, this is because there were factors that affected their communication. One factor was a patient who had dementia. This affected the way they communicated with others in the care home. The word dementia describes a set of symptoms that may include memory loss and difficulties with thinking, problem-solving or language. † https://www. alzheimers. org. uk/site/scripts/documents. php? categoryID=200360 (accessed 13/12/15) dementia causes patients to forget all previous memories and they find it difficult remembering things and they have language difficulties. Every time a carer spoke to the patient either asking them a question or telling them to do something, it took them a while to remember and take in the information, it required the carer to repeat what they were saying several times. This affected their communication because it meant they couldn’t have a detailed conversation so there was lack of information being received. Patient with dementia sometimes respond slowly because it takes them a while to process everything. To overcome this barrier, the carers in the care home used pictures. This is because the pictures were repeated many times a day which meant the patients found it easier to remember. Pictures helped with the patients memory and it was easier for them to point at the picture so the carer knew what they were trying to say. Lastly, another factor that affected patient’s communication in the care home was a patient who was partially deaf. This was a barrier that affected the communication between the carer and the patient. When the carer was trying to have a conversation with the patient, it was very difficult for the patient to hear because there was also a lot of background noise which made it worse. Sometimes what the patient heard was different to what the carer was saying so the conversation was not effective because the point was not getting across. To overcome this barrier, the carers were using sign language because sign language was more effective as the patient understood it better and it also didn’t require hearing. Sign language was known by the majority of the staff members so they could communicate with different patients who had hearing difficulties. Another stragey that was put in place for some of the patients were hearing aids. These were only used for people who were struggling a lot to hear. Hearing aids help with hearing and it means words become louder in the patients ear and they could hear everything. This made the patients feel confident within themselves. The patients found it easier to follow conversations so communication between the patient and carer was more effective. Overall, it is important that these factors can be overcome in order for service users to have effective communication with others. There are many strategies that could be put in place and these should all be considered when getting service users to communicate.

John Stuart Mills A Progressive Thinker Of His Age

John Stuart Mills was in his very essence a progressive thinker of his age. His works are typified by a unique and palpable struggle between the radical utilitarianism espoused by his father and chief educator, and a more idealistic yearning to explore the realm of individual freedom (Williamson, 2005). This struggle is epitomized in his essay ‘On Liberty’: a seminal work that shapes in many ways modern political and legal discourse on the rights of the individual within the state (Mill, [1859] 2005). For the purpose of this essay, focus will be paid to his segments firstly on the â€Å"harm principle†, as a minimal restriction on individual freedom, and to his arguments on the circumstance in which actions can be taken to fulfill individual liberty. It is the newly developed nexus between ‘negative’ individual liberty and ‘positive’ state involvement where Mills links classical liberalism to modern liberalism (Heywood, 2007). Mills motiv ating goal in this work is the libertarian acceptance of minimal restriction to individual freedom, which must be realized for self-development. The betterment of civilized society in this way relies on the expression of individual liberty without infringing on any other who enjoys equal liberty. The cases where such harm is committed, in which the state and law must inevitably intervene, is is not to reduce the importance of the individual liberty owed to rational actors, but rather affirms that aside from cases where harmShow MoreRelatedJohn Stuart Mill And Income Inequality1721 Words   |  7 PagesECON1401 Written Assignment 1 – John Stuart Mill and Income Inequality Many great economic thinkers throughout history has offered various differing yet interrelated views and ideas that may prove useful to the analysis of current issues in modern economics. A persistent issue in the modern economy is income inequality whereby the distribution of income among the population is unequal. This means that the gap between the rich and the poor increases over time if the issue is not appropriately addressedRead MorePostmoderntiy: a Break from Modernity1903 Words   |  8 Pagesmeaning of â€Å"post† in this paper refers a â€Å"break from†, â€Å"opposition to†, â€Å"difference to and from† and a response to†. Works of Karl Marx and John Stuart Mill; Friedrich Nietzsche and Michel Foucault will prove that there is break between Modernity and Postmodernity. Modernity Modernity refers to a way of life and state of mind that experience progressive economic and administrative rationalization on which this processes brought the modern capitalist-industrial state.(Gibbins Reimer, 1996Read MoreEssay on Mills Principles in His Work On Liberty1818 Words   |  8 PagesPrinciples in His Work On Liberty John Stuart Mill was born in London in 1806, the son of the philosopher James Mill. James Mill was a close friend of Jeremy Bentham, the founder of utilitarianism (the theory that states that the right course of action is the course which generates the most happiness). Bentham and James Mill educated J. S. Mill rigorously, to such an extent that he began reading Ancient Greek at age 3. He was reading Platos Dialogues at age 13 - in theirRead MoreHistory And Evolution Of The Juvenile Legal System1792 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION â€Å"There can be no keener revelation of a society’s soul than the way in which it treats its children â€Å"is a famous quote by Nelson Mandela. All progressive democracies of the world have started to recognize the rightful place for children in their societal fabric in its venture to diversification and development by empowering and mainstreaming children. Child-centric human rights jurisprudence has become pivotal in the law’s role in social engineering. This project†Juvenile Justice- ARead MoreHerbert Spencer Essay13142 Words   |  53 Pagesscientist, engineer, and political economist. In his day his works were important in popularizing the concept of evolution and played an important part in the development of economics, political science, biology, and philosophy. Herbert Spencer was born in Derby on April 27, 1820. His childhood, described in An Autobiography (1904), reflected the attitudes of a family which was known on both sides to include religious nonconformists, social critics, and rebels. His father, a teacher, had been a Wesleyan,Read MoreBranches of Philosophy8343 Words   |  34 Pagespsychology, anthropology and science. [edit] Western philosophy Main article: Western philosophy [edit] History Main article: History of Western philosophy The introduction of the terms philosopher and philosophy has been ascribed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras (see Diogenes Laertius: De vita et moribus philosophorum, I, 12; Cicero: Tusculanae disputationes, V, 8-9). The ascription is based on a passage in a lost work of Herakleides Pontikos, a disciple of Aristotle. It is considered to beRead MoreHistory3241 Words   |  13 Pagesâ€Å"nation-states†, in tern proto-industrialization in europe (innovation) Europe started into three major processes: Revolution, (and nationalism) Industrialization Imperialism Lastly the Rise of the â€Å"nation-state† Age of Enlightenment (1650-1780’s) There were plenty of forward thinkers. Each was moving toward science as the new way of thinking. They used the application of universal laws of the natural world to social world. They valued ration over revelation. The government was as a contractRead MoreSwami Vivekananda14669 Words   |  59 Pagesfamous and influential spiritual leaders of the Hindu religion. He was the chief disciple of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and was the founder of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission. He is considered by many as an icon for his fearless courage, his positive exhortations to the youth, his broad outlook to social problems, and countless lectures and discourses on Vedanta philosophy. Contents | 1 Biography of Swami Vivekananda | 1.1 Birth and Early life | | 1.2 With Ramakrishna | | 1.3 WanderingsRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 PagesInvestment in Training Because human resource investments frequently involve training, it is instructive to consider the difference between specific and general training. Nobel Laureate economist Gary Becker has written extensively on this subject. His distinction between specific and general training in human capital theory provides guidance for understanding when employers will provide training. The decision whether to invest in training and development depends, in part, on whether the educationRead MorePrinciples of Microeconomics Fifth Canadian Edition20085 Words   |  81 PagesComparative Advantage 57 Comparative Advantage and Trade 58 FYI: The Legacy of Adam Smith and David Ricardo 59 The Price of the Trade 59 IN THE NEWS: How Committed Is Canada to Free Trade? 60 Applications of Comparative Advantage 61 Should Mike Weir Mow His Own Lawn? 61 Should Canada Trade with Other Countries? 62 Conclusion 63 Summary 63 Key Concepts 63 Questions for Review 63 Problems and Applications 64 Markets and Competition 70 What Is a Market? 70 What Is Competition? 70 Demand 71 The Demand Curve: